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Related Work
Other useful links and resources
Projects using VAST/VON

Network Game Simulator (NGS)
The Overlay Simulation Framework (OverSim)
ASCEND
Plug
Thoth (a refactored Java VON)
P2P-based Virtual Environment Research (listed by publication time)

classification descriptions

Scheme Neighbor discovery Connectivity Partitioning AOI type Latency Other supports

Update-free Regions server introduction all none aura 1-hop

Solipsis peer notification AOI neighbors AOI focus 1-hop

P2P Message Exchange list exchange AOI neighbors AOI focus 1-hop

Federated P2P server notification server static focus 2-hop

SimMud DHT query
supernode notification supernode static
(rectangle) focus 2 to many state management
event ordering

Real Tournament supernode notification supernode dynamic
(split) aura 1-hop mobile network
state management

Frontier Sets server introduction all none focus 1-hop

VON peer notification AOI neighbors AOI focus 1-hop Voronoi-based

Zone Federation supernode notification
DHT query supernode static focus 1-hop

OPeN DHT query tree (octree)
AOI neighbors AOI focus 1-hop spatial object query

Time Prisoner server introduction AOI neighbors AOI aura 1-hop

HYMS supernode notification
server notification supernode/server dynamic (kd-tree) focus 2 hops fault tolerance
cheat prevention
real MMOG trace/analysis

Delaunay-VCS peer notification nearest neighbor AOI nimbus 1 to many Delaunay-based

Message Interchange Protocol list exchange AOI neighbors
quadrant neighbors AOI focus 1-hop

MOPAR DHT query
list exchange supernode
AOI neighbors static
(hexagon) focus 1-hop

N-Trees supernode notification tree (quad/octree) dynamic
(split-merge) focus 1-hop

DEDM supernode notification supernode
tree (k-ary) static focus 2 to many event ordering
load balancing tree, ns2 simulation

APOLO peer notification
overlay multicast quadrant neighbors AOI nimbus 1 to many

Colyseus (ranged) DHT query AOI neighbors AOI focus 1-hop state management
event ordering

COVER peer notification
supernode notification tree (quadtree) dynamic
(split-merge) focus 1 to 2 hops

RAP supernode notification supernode
AOI neighbors static focus 1 hop triad supernode
fault tolerance
cheat prevention

Relay Node server notification server
supernode AOI focus 2 to 3 hops

P2P- Infrastructure server notification server dynamic
(split-merge) focus 2

Peer Clustering supernode notification supernode static (hexagon) focus 2 hops supernode-based
fault tolerance and
cheat prevention

DSID supernode notification tree (2~8 children) dynamic
(split-merge) focus 2 to many

Pastry-based MMOG DHT query
supernode notification supernode static focus 2 to many persistent storage
supernode-based cheat prevention

Peers@Play supernode notification supernode
AOI neighbors N/A focus 1 to 2 hops dynamic clustering

DN Clustering peer notification nearest neighbors AOI nimbus 1 to many Delaunay-based
dynamic clustering

Mediator DHT query
supernode notification supernode
AOI neighbors dynamic focus 1-hop supernode selection & match-making

Hydra server introduction server static focus 2-hop fault tolerance
API design

DS2M peer notification mesh
server static N/A 1 to many degree-constrain minimum-cost graph

Nomad peer notification AOI neighbors AOI focus 1-hop Voronoi-based

VON Forwarding peer notification
overlay multicast nearest neighbors AOI nimbus 1 to many Voronoi-based
asymmetric AOI

QuadCast server introduction
peer notification quadrant neighbors AOI nimbus 1 to many AOI voice chat

Voronoi Data Management peer notification AOI neighbors AOI nimbus 1 hop Voronoi-based
state management

VSM peer notification
supernode notification AOI neighbors
supernode dynamic (Voronoi) focus 2 to 3 hops Voronoi-based
state management
dynamic clustering
fault tolerance

Solipsis (2) supernode notification AOI neighbors
supernode dynamic (Voronoi) focus 2 to 3 hops Voronoi-based
state management

HyperVerse server notification AOI neighbors
server dynamic focus 2 hops state management

VoroCast peer notification
overlay multicast nearest neighbors AOI nimbus 1 to many Voronoi-based
non-redundant forwarding

Donnybrook server introduction all none aura 1 to 2 hops state management
variable update frequency

pSense peer notification
overlay multicast AOI neighbors
quadrant neighbors AOI focus mostly 1 (depend on density) bandwidth limited probabilistic update

Voronoi AOI-cast peer notification AOI neighbors AOI nimbus 1 to many Voronoi-based
direct and forwarding hybrid

VoroGame peer notification AOI neighbors
tree AOI nimbus 1 hop Voronoi-based
dual overlay
state management

QuON peer notification quadrant neighbors
AOI neighbors AOI focus 1 hop

P2P Second Life DHT query tree dynamic (split-merge) focus 1 to many KAD-based
persistent storage
fault tolerance

Area of Propagation server introduction server
AOI neighbors AOI nimbus 1 to 2 concept of AOI/AOE
hybrid update propagation

PBT DHT query + overlay multicast tree dynamic (split-merge) focus 1 to many grid + binary space partitioning
dynamic load balancing

DAM overlay multicast nearest neighbor AOI nimbus 1 to many Delaunay-based
real experiment

Blue Banana peer notification AOI neighbors AOI focus 1 hop Solipsis-based
movement prediction

VN-Cloud DHT query server, mesh AOI focus 1 to many cloud resource
virtual nodes

Classification Description

Neighbor discovery the method a peer learns of relevant neighbors to interact with, including these types:
server introduction: the server knows all nodes, and tells a newly joined node all neighbors.
server notification: the server maintains all nodes, notifies a peer of its AOI neighbors.
supernode notification: selected peers with knowledge of entire region notify other regular peers.
peer notification: peers mutually notify each other of new AOI neighbors.
list exchange: peers exchange the neighbor list they maintain to discover new AOI neighbors.
DHT query: peers form a DHT overlay, and search for relevant neighbors or supernodes for new AOI neighbors.
overlay multicast: peers multicast their positions regularly to allow other nodes learn of their positions.

Connectivity which other nodes does a single node connects within the P2P environment, including these types:
server: each peer connects only to the server (a provisioned machine).
all: each peer maintains contacts with all other nodes in the world.
supernode: each peer connects to certain selected peers.
AOI neighbors: each peer connects to all other nodes within the AOI.
nearest neighbors: each peer connects to its nearest 1-hop neighbors (according to Voronoi/Delaunay mapping)
quadrant neighbors: each peer connects with one neighbor within each of the four quadrants.
tree: each peer connects to a parent node and several children nodes.
mesh: each peer connects to a few nearby nodes to ensure a connected mesh

Partitioning whether the entire virtual world is partitioned into various regions, including the following types:
none: there's no partitioning.
AOI: no explicit partitioning exists, but each node generally interacts only with their AOI neighbors.
static: world is partitioned beforehand, and the partitions cannot changed during run-time.
dynamic: the partitioning occurs dynamically according to loading or node density.

AOI type definition of area of interest (AOI) used, including the following types:
aura: sphere of interaction, if two aura intersect then interaction is mutual
focus: sphere of reception (subscriber-like), the AOI indicates an area where all events within should be received
nimbus: sphere of influence (publisher-like), the AOI indicates an area the node or event may affect

Latency number of end-to-end hops to send an update message to a visible neighbor

Other supports any other functionalties supported by the scheme beyond basic P2P topology maintenance and neighbor discovery

Approach Publications

Enhanced Point-to-point
(fully-distributed)
Update-Free Regions (UFR)
Y. Makbily, C. Gotsman and R. Bar-Yehuda, "Geometric algorithms for message filtering in decentralized virtual environments," in Proc. of the 1999 Symp. on Interactive 3D graphics (SI3D), 1999, pp. 39 - 46.
A. Goldin and C. Gotsman, "Geometric Message-Filtering Protocols for Distributed Multiagent Environments," Presence, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 279 - 295, Jun. 2004.
Frontier Sets
A. Steed and C. Angus, "Frontier Sets: A Partitioning Scheme to Enable Scalable Virtual Environments," M. Alexa and E. Galin, EUROGRAPHICS 2004, Short Presentations and Interactive Demos Grenoble, France, 2004
A. Steed and C. Angus, "Supporting Scalable Peer to Peer Virtual Environments using Frontier Sets," IEEE Virtual Reality 2005 (VR2005), Bonn, Germany, March 2005.
Anthony Steed and Bingshu Zhu, "An Implementation of a First-Person Game on a Hybrid Network," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 24-28.
Donnybrook
Ashwin Bharambe, John R. Douceur, Jacob R. Lorch, Thomas Moscibroda, Jeffrey Pang, Srinivasan Seshan, Xinyu Zhuang, "Donnybrook: Enabling Large-Scale, High-Speed, Peer-to-Peer Games," in Proc. SIGCOMM, Aug. 2008.

Mutual Notification
(fully-distributed)
Solipsis
J. Keller and G. Simon, "Towards a peer-to-peer shared virtual reality," in Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. Distributed Computing Systems (Workshops), Vienna, Austria, Jul. 2002. pp. 695-700.
J. Keller and G. Simon, "Solipsis: A massively multi-participant virtual world," in Proc. Int. Conf. Parallel and Distributed Techniques and Applications (PDPTA 03), Las Vegas, NV, 2003, pp. 262-268.
Voronoi-based Overlay Network (VON)
S. Y. Hu and G. M. Liao, "Scalable Peer-to-Peer Networked Virtual Environment," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2004 workshops on NetGames, Aug. 2004, pp. 129-133.
S. Y. Hu, J. F. Chen and T. H. Chen, "VON: A Scalable Peer-to-Peer Network for Virtual Environments," IEEE Network, vol. 20, no. 4, Jul./Aug. 2006, pp. 22-31
Helge Backhaus and Stephan Krause, "Voronoi-based Adaptive Scalable Transfer revisited: Gain and Loss of a Voronoi-based Peer-to-Peer Approach for MMOG," in Proc. NetGames, Sept. 2007, pp. 49-54.
Stephan Krause, "A case for mutual notification: a survey of P2P protocols for massively multiplayer online games," in Proc. 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games (NetGames 2008), Oct. 2008.
Nomad
Laura Ricci and Andrea Salvadori, "Nomad: Virtual Environments on P2P Voronoi Overlays," LNCS, vol. 4806 (First International Workshop on Peer to Peer Networks, PPN 2007), Nov. 2007, pp. 911-920
Voronoi Data Management
Eliya Buyukkaya and Maha Abdallah, "Data Management in Voronoi-based P2P Gaming", in Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Digital Entertainment, Networked Virtual Environments, and Creative Technology (CCNC 2008), Jan. 2008.
pSense
Arne Schmieg, Michael Stieler, Sebastian Jeckel, Patric Kabus, Bettina Kemme, and Alejandro Buchmann, "pSense - Maintaining a dynamic localized peer-to-peer structure for position based multicast in games", in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P'08), Sept. 2008.
VoroGame
Eliya Buyukkaya, Maha Abdallah, and Romain Cavagna, "VoroGame: A Hybrid P2P Architecture for Massively Multiplayer Games", in Proc. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference Special Session on Digital Entertainment, Networked Virtual Environment and Creative Technology (CCNC SS DENVECT), Jan. 2009.
QuON
Helge Backhaus and Stephan Krause, "QuON - a Quad-Tree Based Overlay Protocol for Distributed Virtual Worlds", in Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE'09), Mar. 2009.
Blue Banana (based on Solipsis)
Sergey Legtchenko, Sebastien Monnet, and Gael Thomas, "Blue Banana: resilience to avatar mobility in distributed MMOGs," in Proc. The 40th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2010), July 2010.

Neighbor-list Exchange
(fully-distributed)
P2P Message Exchange
Y. Kawahara, H. Morikawa, and T. Aoyama, "A Peer-to-Peer Message Exchange Scheme for Large Scale Networked Virtual Environments," in Proc. of 8th IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications Systems (ICCS 2002), November 2002.
Y. Kawahara, T. Aoyama, and H. Morikawa, "A peer-to-peer message exchange scheme for large-scale networked virtual environments," Telecommunication Systems, vol. 25, no. 3-4, pp. 353-370, 2004.
(with DHT)
N. Matsumoto, Y. Kawahara, H. Morikawa, and T. Aoyama, "A scalable and low delay communication scheme for networked virtual environments," in Proc. IEEE GlobeCom Workshops of Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2004), Dec. 2004, pp. 529-535.
Message Interchange Protocol
J.F. Chen, W.C. Lin, H.S. Bai, and S.Y. Dai, "A Message Interchange Protocol Based on Routing Information Protocol in a Virtual World," in Proc. of 19th Int. Conf. on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA 2005), pp 377-384

Zone-based coordinators
(super-nodes)
SimMud
B. Knutsson, H. Lu, W. Xu, and B. Hopkins, "Peer-to-peer support for massively multiplayer games," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Mar. 2004, pp. 96-107.
Zoned Federation
T. Iimura, H. Hazeyama, and Y. Kadobayashi, "Zoned federation of game servers: a peer-to-peer approach to scalable multi-player online games," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2004 workshops on NetGames '04, Aug. 2004, pp. 116-120.
OPeN
E. Tanin, A. Harwood, H. Samet, S. Nutanong, and M. Truong, "A serverless 3D world," in Proc. of the Symp. on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM GIS), Nov. 2004, pp. 157-165.
E. Tanin, D. Nayar, and H. Samet, "An Efficient Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for P2P Settings," in Proc. of the National Conf. on Digital Government Research, 2005, pp. 21-28.
S. Douglas, E. Tanin, A. Harwood, and S. Karunasekera, "Enabling Massively Multi-Player Online Gaming Applications on a P2P Architecture," in Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Information and Automation, Dec. 2005, pp. 7-12.
E. Tanin, A. Harwood, H. Samet, D. Nayar, and S. Nutanong, "Building and querying a P2P virtual world," Geoinformatica, 10(1):91-116, 2006.
E. Tanin, A. Harwood, and H. Samet, "Using a Distributed Quadtree Index in Peer-to-Peer Networks," VLDB Journal, 16(2), pp. 165-178, 2007.
N-Trees
C. GauthierDickey, V. Lo, and D. Zappala, "Using n-trees for scalable event ordering in peer-to-peer games," in Proc. int'l. workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video (NOSSDAV '05), Jun. 2005, pp. 87-92.
Distributed Event Delivery Method
S. Yamamoto, Y. Murata, K. Yasumoto and M. Ito, "A distributed event delivery method with load balancing for MMORPG," in Proc. 4th ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games (NetGames), Oct. 2005, pp. 1-8.
COVER (with mutual notification)
P. Morillo, W. Moncho, J.M. Orduna and J. Duato, "Providing Full Awareness to Distributed Virtual Environments Based on Peer-To-Peer Architectures," Springer LNCS, vol. 4035 (CGI'06), Jun. 2006, pp. 336-347.
S. Rueda, P. Morillo and J. M. Orduna, "A comparative study of awareness methods for peer-to-peer distributed virtual environments," Comp. Anim. Virtual Worlds, vol. 19, pp. 537¡V552, 2008.
RAP
Ken Endo, Yang Yang, and Zhunping Zhang, "RAP: Reliable Peer to Peer Network Gaming Environment using Overlapped Map Tessellation," Technical Report (MIT Course Project 6.824), 2006.
Peer Clustering
Alvin Chen and Richard R. Muntz, "Peer Clustering: A Hybrid Approach to Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. Netgames, Oct. 2006.
DSID
H.-H. Lee and C.-H. Sun, "Load-balancing for Peer-to-peer Networked Virtual Environment," in Proc. Netgames, Oct. 2006.
PastryMMOG
Thorsten Hampel, Thomas Bopp, and Robert Hinn, "A Peer-to-Peer Architecture for Massive Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. Netgames, Oct. 2006.
Peers@Play
Gregor Schiele, Richard Suselbeck, Arno Wacker, Joerg Haehner, Christian Becker, and Torben Weis, "Requirements of Peer-to-Peer-based Massively Multiplayer Online Gaming," in Proc. CCGRID 2007, May 2007.
Gregor Schiele, Richard Suselbeck, Arno Wacker, Tonio Triebel, and Christian Becker, "Consistency Management for Peer-to-Peer-based Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 14--18.
VSM
Shun-Yun Hu, Shao-Chen Chang, and Jehn-Ruey Jiang, "Voronoi State Management for Peer-to-Peer Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 4th IEEE Intl. Workshop on Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2008), Jan. 2008.
Solipsis 2
D. Frey, J. Royan, R. Piegay, A.-M. Kermarrec, E. Anceaume, and F. Le Fessant, "Solipsis: A Decentralized Architecture for Virtual Environments," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 29--33.
P2P Second Life
Matteo Varvello, Christophe Diot, and Ernst Biersack, "P2P Second Life: experimental validation using Kad," in Proc. INFOCOM, Apr. 2009.

Overlay Multicast
(fully-distributed)
Delaunay-VCS
Masaaki Ohnishi, Ryo Nishide, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Incremental Construction of Delaunay Overlaid Network for Virtual Collaborative Space," in Proc. C5, Jan. 2005, pp. 75- 82
Hiroaki Kato, Takayuki Eguchi, Masaaki Ohnishi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Autonomous Generation of Spherical P2P Delaunay Network for Global Internet Applications," in Proc. C5, Jan. 2006, pp. 184 - 191
Masaaki Ohnishi, Shinji Tsuboi, Masao Hirayama, Takayuki Eguchi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Distributive generation algorithm of long range contact for remote spatial-data access on p2p delaunay netowork," in Proc. C5, Jan. 2007, pp. 145--152.
Shinji Tsuboi, Tomoteru Oku, Masaaki Ohnishi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Generating Skip Delaunay Network for P2P Geocasting," in Proc. Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing (C5 '08), Jan. 2008.
Ryo Nishide, Dai Ito, Masaaki Ohnishi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Data Aggregation Method for View Range Computation on P2P-based VCS," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 19--23.
APOLO
J. Lee, H. Lee, S. Ihm, T. Gim, and J. Song, "APOLO: Ad-hoc Peer-to-Peer Overlay Network for Massively Multi-player Online Games," KAIST Technical Report, CS-TR-2005-248, Dec. 2005.
DN Clustering
Matteo Varvello, Ernst Biersack, and Christophe Diot, "Dynamic Clustering in Delaunay-Based P2P Networked Virtual Environments," in Proc. NetGames, Sept. 2007, pp. 105-110.
VON Forwarding
Jui-Fa Chen, Wei-Chuan Lin, Tsu-Han Chen, and Shun-Yun Hu, "A Forwarding Model for Voronoi-based Overlay Network," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007.
QuadCast
Jehn-Ruey Jiang and Hung-Shiang Chen, "Peer-to-Peer AOI Voice Chatting for Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007.
VoroCast
Jehn-Ruey Jiang, Yu-Li Huang, and Shun-Yun Hu, "Scalable AOI-Cast for Peer-to-Peer Networked Virtual Environments," in Proc. 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW) Cooperative Distributed Systems (CDS), Jun. 2008.
Voronoi AOI-cast
Luca Genovali and Laura Ricci, "AOI-Cast Strategies for P2P Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 6th Annual IEEE Concumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Networked Interactive Multimedia Entertainement (NIME) Workshop, Jan. 2009.
Distributed Avatar Management
Matteo Varvello, Stefano Ferrari, Ernst Biersack, Christophe Diot, "Distributed Avatar Management for Second Life," in Proc. 8th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames 2009), Nov. 2009.

Client-server Hybrid Federated Peer-to-peer
D. Bauer and S. Rooney, "The Performance of Software Multicast-Reflector Implementations for Multi-Player Online Games," in Proc. of the Fifth Int. Workshop on Networked Group Communications (NGC'03), Munich, Germany, 2003
S. Rooney, D. Bauer, and R. Deydier, "A federated peer-to-peer network game architecture," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 114 - 122, 2004.
Time Prisoner (JXTA and Java)
M. Merabti and A. El Rhalibi, "Peer-to-peer architecture and protocol for a massively multiplayer online game," in Proc. IEEE GlobeCom Workshops of Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2004), Dec. 2004, pp. 519-528.
A. El Rhalibi and M. Merabti, "Agents-based modeling for a peer-to-peer MMOG architecture," Computers in Entertainment (CIE), vol. 3, no. 2, Apr. 2005, pp. 1 - 19.
A. El Rhalibi and M. Merabti, "Interest management and scalability issues in P2P MMOG," in Proc. IEEE CCNC 2006 International Workshop on Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2006), Jan. 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1188 - 1192
HYMS
Kyungchul Kim, Ikjun Yeom and Joonwon Lee, "HYMS: A Hybrid MMOG Server Architecture," IEICE Transactions on information and Systems, vol.E87-D, no.12, pp.2706-2713, Dec. 2004.
Colyseus
A. Bharambe, J. Pang and S. Seshan, "Colyseus: A Distributed Architecture for Multiplayer Games," in Proc. ACM/USENIX NSDI, May 2006.
RelayNode
Shin Ito, Hajime Sogawa, Hiroki Saito, and Yoshito Tobe, "A Propagation of Virtual Space Information Using a Peer-to-Peer Architecture for Massively Multi-Player Online Games," in Proc. IEEE MNSA, July 2006.
Hydra
Luther Chan, James Yong, Jiaqiang Bai, Ben Leong, and Raymond Tan, "Hydra - A Massively-Multiplayer Peer-to-Peer Architecture for the Game Developer,", in Proc. Netgames 2007, Sept. 2007, pp. 37-42.
DS2M
Dewan Tanvir Ahmed, Shervin Shirmohammadi, and Jauvane C. de Oliveira, "State Management in Large Scale Group Communication,", in Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Signal Processing and Communication, Nov. 2007.
HyperVerse
Jean Botev, Alexander Hohfeld, Hermann Schloss, Ingo Scholtes, and Markus Esch, "The HyperVerse - Concepts for a Federated and Torrent-Based '3D Web'," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 34--39.
Markus Esch, Jean Botev, Hermann Schloss, Ingo Scholtes, "GP3 - A Distributed Grid-based Spatial Index Infrastructure for Massive Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. 14th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2008) workshop (P2PNVE 2008), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, December 2008.
Area of Propagation
Richard Sueselbeck, Gregor Schiele, Sebastian Seitz, and Christian Becker, "Adaptive Update Propagation for Low-Latency Massively Multi-User Virtual Environments," in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2009), San Francisco, USA, August 2009.

P2P Hybrid
(super-nodes)
MOPAR
A. Yu and S. T. Vuong, "MOPAR: a mobile peer-to-peer overlay architecture for interest management of massively multiplayer online games," in Proc. of Int. Workshop. on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 2005), Washington, USA, 2005, pp. 99-104.
Mediator
Lu Fan, Hamish Taylor, and Phil Trinder, "Mediator: A Design Framework for P2P MMOGs," in Proc. 6th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (Netgames 2007), Melbourne, Australia, Sept. 2007, pp. 43-48.
Lu Fan, Hamish Taylor, and Phil Trinder, "Deadline-Driven Auctions for NPC Host Allocation in P2P MMOGs," in Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE'09), Mar. 2009.
Prediction Binary Tree
Gennaro Cordasco, Rosario De Chiara, Ugo Erra, and Vittorio Scarano, "Some Considerations on the Design of a P2P Infrastructure for Massive Simulations," in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunication (ICUMT 2009) P2P-DVE special session, St.-Petersburg, Russia, Oct. 2009.

Cloud Hybrid VN-Cloud
Emanuele Carlini, Massimo Coppola, and Laura Ricci, "Integration of P2P and Clouds to Support Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. The 9th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames 2010, MMVE session), Nov. 2010.

Mobile P2P Real Tournament
D. J. McCaffery and J. Finney, "The need for real time consistency management in P2P mobile gaming environments," in Proc. 2004 ACM SIGCHI Int'l. Conf. on Advances in computer entertainment technology (ACE 2004), Jun. 2004, pp. 203-211

Server-cluster P2P P2P-Infrastructure
S. Rieche, M. Fouquet, H. Niedermayer, L. Petrak, K. Wehrle, and G. Carle, "Peer-to-Peer-based Infrastructure Support for Massively Multiplayer Online Games," Technical Report, WSI-2006-04, Wilhelm-Schickard-Institute for Computer Science, University of Tubingen, Aug. 2006.
S. Rieche, K. Wehrle, M. Fouquet, H. Niedermayer, L. Petrak, and G. Carle, "Peer-to-Peer-based Infrastructure Support for Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 4th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2007), Jan. 2007.
Simon Rieche, Klaus Wehrle, Marc Fouquet, Heiko Niedermayer, Timo Teifel, and Georg Carle, "Clustering Players for Load Balancing in Virtual Worlds," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 9--13

Simulators Pigeon
Zhizhi Zhou, Hao Wang, Jin Zhou, Li Tang, Kai Li, Weibo Zheng, and Meiqi Fang, "Pigeon: a framework for testing peer-to-peer massively multiplayer online games over heterogeneous network," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2006), Jan. 2006, pp. 1028- 1032
NGS
S. Webb, W. Lau, and S Soh, "NGS: An application layer network game simulator," in Proc. Joint International Conference on CyberGames and Interactive Entertainment (CGIE2006), Dec. 2006.
OverSim
Ingmar Baumgart, Bernhard Heep, and Stephan Krause, "OverSim: A Flexible Overlay Network Simulation Framework," in Proc. IEEE Global Internet Symposium (GI '07), May 2007
P2P DVE Platform
Silvia Rueda, Pedro Morillo, and Juan Manuel Orduna, "A Peer-To-Peer Platform for Simulating Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007.
Adam
Jan Sablatnig, Jiehua Chen, Ruedi Seiler, Sven Grottke, Andreas Kopke, and Adam Wolisz, "Adam -- A Testbed for Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. The 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW 2008) , June 2008.
HyperVerse
Jean Botev, Markus Esch, Hermann Schloss, Ingo Scholtes, and Peter Sturm, "HyperVerse - Simulation and Testbed Reconciled," in Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE'09), Mar. 2009.

Other Topics Reputation
Guan-Yu Huang, Shun-Yun Hu, and Jehn-Ruey Jiang, "Scalable Reputation Management for P2P MMOGs," in in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 3--8.
Security
Arno Wacker, Gregor Schiele, Sebastian Schuster, and Torben Weis, "Towards an Authentication Service for Peer-to-Peer based Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 40-45.
Comparisons
Silvia Rueda, Pedro Morillo, and Juan Manuel Orduna, "A Peer-To-Peer Platform for Simulating Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007.
Stephan Krause, "A case for mutual notification: a survey of P2P protocols for massively multiplayer online games," in Proc. 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games (NetGames 2008), Oct. 2008.
John L. Miller and Jon Crowcroft, "The Near-Term Feasibility of P2P MMOG's," in Proc. The 9th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames 2010), Nov. 2010.

Further Readings

Bibliography of Network Games Research (maintanied by Sheng-Wei (Kuan-Ta) Chen)
Mingyu Lim's Reading List
Massively Multiplayer Game Resources
Interest Management Research Repository (maintained by Robert Minson)
P2P-based Virtual Environment Projects

Solipsis (France Telecom R&D, France) (original site)
OPeN (Univ. of Melbourne, Australia)
Colyseus (CMU, USA)
HYDRA (National Univ. of Singapore, Singapore)
peers@play (Univ. of Mannheim, Duisburg-Essen, and Hannover, Germany)
WideReality
HyperVerse (Univ. Trier, Germany)
DVRMedia2 (Univ. of Guadalajara, Mexico)
Commercial P2P-based Virtual Worlds

Twinverse
Scalify's Badumna (used by VastPark)
ludiloom
Virtual Environment Platforms

The Croquet Project (Viewpoints Research Institute)
Virtual Object System (VOS)
VastPark
Metaplace Platform (Areae)
Commercial Virtual Worlds

ActiveWorlds
Second Life (Linden Lab)
There.com
Moove Online
Hipihi
Entropia Universe
Others
MMOG Middleware/Platform

BigWorld Technology
Multiverse
OLIVE (Forterra System)
NeL
HeroEngine
OpenSkies
Eterna (Quazal)
Emergent Game Tech (previously Butterfly.net)
Voronoi Diagram / Delaunay Triangulation Overlays

Voronoi Diagrams & Delaunay Triangulation (brief intro to Voronoi diagrams)
VoroGlide (A useful java applet to play around with Voronoi diagrams)
HyperCast (Application-Layer Multicast with Delaunay Triangulations)
3D Voronoi (paper titled: "Distributed Dynamic Delaunay Triangulations in d-Dimensional Spaces")
P2P Virtual Worlds Discussions / Articles

Solipsis on TerraNova
Solipsis on Slashdot
New P2P technology (Outback Online) (GameDev)
Why everyone develop MMORPG in client/server mode? (GameDev)
Peer-to-Peer Virtual Worlds (MIT Technology Review)

any questions/comments/inquiries? please contact us

Copyright © 2005-2025, VAST Development Team
Last modified: March 31 2011.